Our understanding of #FeesMustFall demands nuance because the movement is not ubiquitous. The Daily Vox saw this when it attended the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation (CSVR) seminar on the student uprisings and the rise of fallism on Thursday.
Researchers from nine of the 21 South African universities presented research into an analysis of the #FeesMustFall movement. The seminar revealed a number of dynamics that are at play in a movement that is presented as uniform but is, in fact, far from it.
1. Our accepted definition of violence is simplistic and limited
There has been public outcry at the violent nature of the student protests where the media and the public have condemned the rock-throwing, burning of buildings and property damage. However, researchers pointed out that our definition of violence is narrow where it ignores the institutional violence of inequality, exclusion and dehumanisation.
Ndlelu: our definition of violence is simplistic and limited in general. It ignores institutional violence. #FeesMustFall Report.
— The Daily VOX (@thedailyvox) March 9, 2017
Professor Achille Mbembe, who was a discussant of the first panel in the programme, agreed that inequality is violence. Students were critical of Mbembe’s sudden broadened definition of violence when he had previously likened the University of Cape Town (UCT) students’ tactics to Nigerian militant group Boko Haram after they punched Vice-Chancellor Max Price.
Mbembe: we are dealing w the violence of the state, of the economic order and certain forms of knowledge. #FeesMustFall Report.
— The Daily VOX (@thedailyvox) March 9, 2017
2. It is important to be nuanced in our understanding of violent student protests
Researchers said students were also critical of the way the public and the media prioritised inanimate objects over real students with real issues. Why do we prioritise the libraries over the homeless students who have to sleep in them?
Researchers were critical of the way the public focussed on the surface of the violence of the student protests without delving deeper and asking why protestors had taken such drastic steps in their plight to be heard.
Mokwebo: why don’t we ask WHY students are throwing rocks, burning things, going naked. WHY is institutional violence not questioned?
— The Daily VOX (@thedailyvox) March 9, 2017
3. Media and public narrative is skewed in favour of historically white universities at the disadvantage of historically black universities
Student protests have been going on for a long, long time at historically black universities and universities of technology. The public and the media only took notice when historically white universities began protesting and added a hashtag to collectivise the protests into a national movement.
FMF did not get recognition at first because it was being fought by historically black universities. #FeesMustFall Report.
— The Daily VOX (@thedailyvox) March 9, 2017
Vilikazi: No one is listening to impoverished students. They think if they yell, someone will take notice. #FeesMustFall Report.
— The Daily VOX (@thedailyvox) March 9, 2017
What’s worse that is historically white universities like Wits and UCT usually get more coverage and public interest, while black universities – which had been protesting first – are still not heard.
Malabela: FMF movement is elitist, fee protests at Turfloop have always happened. Students aren’t captured in media. #FeesMustFall Report.
— The Daily VOX (@thedailyvox) March 9, 2017
4. There is a different response from management in historically white universities to historically black universities
An interesting dynamic was raised by Musawenkosi Malabela, who researched the student movements at Turfloop – or, as it has recently been named, The University of Limpopo (UL). Malabela asked why management forced students at UL to go home following protests last year when Wits Vice-Chancellor Adam Habib took extraordinary measures to complete the academic year.
Malabela: Why must rural students go home and be reminded of their poverty but urban students continued? #FeesMustFallReport.
— The Daily VOX (@thedailyvox) March 9, 2017
Malabela suggested that the way different university managements handled the student protests showed that wealthy and white students’ education is prioritised over poor and black students’ education. He also suggested that Habib was protecting the interests of the elite.
Mogano: What was Habib saving? For who was he saving the academic year? We are saving someone’s holiday to Thailand. #FeesMustFallReport.
— The Daily VOX (@thedailyvox) March 9, 2017
5. Not all the student protests fall under the umbrella of #FeesMustFall
Yingi Edwin, who researched UniZulu, pointed out that not all student protests belong under the hashtag of #FeesMustFall. Edwin said that struggles between rural and urban folk differ and that the needs of the students in UniZulu – which is located in rural KwaDlangezwa – are captured by the National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS).
Edwin said that students at UniZulu had been protesting because their lecturers had not been attending classes. What the researchers called “lazy journalism†swallowed the students’ narrative by equating the protests to #FeesMustFall.
Mogano: journalism has become lazy. Media equates all student protests to FMF. #FeesMustFallReport.
— The Daily VOX (@thedailyvox) March 9, 2017
6. There is not a uniform understanding of decolonisation and we need to open up space to speak about it
A core tenet of the #FeesMustFall movement is decolonisation, but there is not a uniform understanding of the term – especially between historically white and historically black universities.
Malabela said while students at historically white universities were fighting for a decolonised – Afrocentric – curriculum, students at historically black universities defined a decolonised education as more Eurocentric.
While students at white universities want to read and study the works of Mbembe and wa Thiong’o and reject their Eurocentric education, students at historically disadvantaged universities believe a Eurocentric education will give them a competitive edge in the job market.
Malabela: They believe Eurocentric education will make them competitive in the job market. This is unexplored nuance. #FeesMustFall Report.
— The Daily VOX (@thedailyvox) March 9, 2017
7. We must be careful of the ‘Mandela Trap’
The seminar took place on 9 March, which marked two years since Chumani Maxwele threw human faeces on the Cecil John Rhodes statue in Cape Town. Many believe his actions birthed the #RhodesMustFall movement which then went on to spark #FeesMustFall. However, according to UCT researcher, Sandile Ndlelu, students think otherwise.
Ndlelu, Malabela and Thato Mogano warned against the “Mandela Trap.†Mogano spoke of how the coverage of #FeesMustFall centres around figureheads that the media identifies like Mcebo Dlamini of Wits and Maxwele of UCT. Just like people had accredited Nelson Mandela for the fall of apartheid, the public wants to latch on to a person and worship him/her. This is especially prevalent in Wits and UCT.
Researchers said portraying particular students as icons of the movement is dangerous and the reason why students originally favoured a flat leadership structure.
Mogano: We’ve fallen into the “Mandela trap” of hero worship in FMF. This is why students wanted a flat structure. #FeesMustFallReport.
— The Daily VOX (@thedailyvox) March 9, 2017
8. It is impossible to speak about the student movements without the gendered conversation
We cannot deny that violence had been inflicted on the bodies of *womxn during the student movements. Further, student movements were often ruptured on the basis of gender exclusion and heteropatriarchy.
Mswane: When we do not have the conversation about gender we are producing a conversation of erasure. #FeesMustFall Report.
— The Daily VOX (@thedailyvox) March 9, 2017
At the same time, we cannot deny that there has been an exclusion on queer bodies in the student movements. In UCT, in particular, the Trans Collective condemned the movement for paying lip-service to intersectionality to sell their struggle without actively promoting inclusivity.
Meth: gendered ruptures in student movements because main FMF movement excluded queer bodies. #FeesMustFall Report
— The Daily VOX (@thedailyvox) March 9, 2017
9. Rape and sexual violence is a sensitive matter and should be condemned no matter who the perpetrator is
There was a deep discomfort in the room when an older man who described himself as an apartheid activist made insensitive comments about rape. He asked the researchers not to make an enemy of the black man when it was the white man who had “raped†our country – its people, land and resources. The panel condemned his comments and the lack of sensitivity about rape.
Rape and sexual assault is a lived reality and can only be used to describe the violation of someone’s bodily integrity and consent. It cannot be used in conjunction with colonialism unless it is specifically rape-related.
10. The understanding of intersectionality is steeped in power dynamics
At the end of the last panel, after all the speakers had presented their research it was supposed to be concluded by a white activist, Adele Kristen. Mindful of her positionality, Kristen offered not to speak.
Adelle Kirsten: acknowledges limitation of her lens due to positionality as white, middle class, middle aged woman. #FeesMustFallReport.
— The Daily VOX (@thedailyvox) March 9, 2017
Mogano – as the chairperson of the session – used his discretion in disallowing Kristen from speaking. This opened up a heated debate. Oliver Meth said the intersectionality of the movement demands her voice to be heard. Mogano, Moloi and Ndlelu disagreed.
They said that intersectionality is steeped in power dynamics. A white woman’s voice has the power to swallow and drown out all the black voices. The positionality of whiteness lends power to its narrative. Mogano said that white people had never used their bodies – the way he did – barricading gates or facing rubber bullets and stun grenades on the picket lines. They should not be allowed to give voice to a struggle that is not their own.
Ndlelu: Intersectionality is driven by power. Some spaces have to be exclusive to black/queer/womxn. #FeesMustFallReport.
— The Daily VOX (@thedailyvox) March 9, 2017
Can white people be allies in the struggle if they acknowledge their positionality? #FeesMustFallReport.
— The Daily VOX (@thedailyvox) March 9, 2017
Bonus: Lastly, and this is not necessarily a lesson we learned, but a point raised by Mogano that is important to dwell upon: Who has the power to legitimise the black struggle? Who has the power to intellectualise black pain?
*The term “womxn†is used intentionally to be inclusive of all femme identifying bodies, not just cisgendered women. The author also uses the term “womxn†to acknowledge that student movements referenced in this article are intersectional and included non-binary gender identities.
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